How do macOS Touch ID and Windows Hello work securely with fingerprints in place of passwords?

How do macOS Touch ID and Windows Hello work securely with fingerprints in place of passwords?

How do macOS Touch ID and Windows Hello work securely with fingerprints in place of passwords?

As an example, macOS has been successfully using fingerprint authentication as a secure method for unlocking laptops, authorizing purchases, and even granting access to key vaults (e.g. 1Password).

This is in stark contrast to a Framework / Linux where fprintd's security model which does not consider a fingerprint to be a secure enough means of authentication due to complications in trusting the fingerprint reader hardware.

How do other OS's pull this off?